Are airport scanners X-ray machines in the same way medical X-ray machines are, using ionizing radiation to see through clothes and potentially posing health risks with frequent exposure? Or do they utilize different technologies like millimeter wave or backscatter X-ray, which might have different radiation levels and associated risks? Furthermore, how do the different types of scanners used in airports worldwide compare in terms of radiation exposure and image clarity, and what are the long-term health effects associated with routine airport security screening? Are there specific groups, like pregnant women or children, who are more vulnerable to any potential risks, and are there alternatives to scanning available for those who are concerned about radiation exposure?
Answer
Airport scanners employ various technologies, some of which use X-rays, while others do not. There are two primary types of advanced imaging technology (AIT) scanners used in airports:
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Backscatter X-ray Scanners: These scanners emitted low-dose X-rays to create an image of the passenger’s body. The X-rays bounced off the body and were detected by sensors, revealing objects hidden under clothing. Due to privacy concerns and the implementation of more advanced technology, backscatter X-ray scanners are generally no longer in use at airports in many countries.
- Millimeter Wave Scanners: These scanners use radio waves, specifically millimeter waves, which are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a much lower energy level than X-rays. Millimeter wave scanners emit radio waves that reflect off the passenger’s body and are detected by sensors. This technology creates a 3D image of the body’s surface, revealing concealed objects. These are the most common type of AIT scanner currently in use at airports.
The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in the United States, for example, primarily uses millimeter wave scanners. Millimeter wave scanners are considered to be safe and do not expose passengers to ionizing radiation like X-rays.