Answer

Core vaccinations for dogs, typically recommended for all dogs regardless of lifestyle, include:

• Rabies: This is almost universally required by law due to the severity of the disease and its transmissibility to humans. It’s typically administered in a series, starting with a single dose and followed by boosters at intervals determined by local regulations and the vaccine type used.

• DHPP (Distemper, Hepatitis/Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza): This is a combination vaccine protecting against several serious and potentially deadly diseases.

  • Distemper: A highly contagious viral disease affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems.
  • Adenovirus (Hepatitis): Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) causes infectious canine hepatitis, affecting the liver, kidneys, spleen, and lungs. CAV-2 causes respiratory disease and is included as it provides cross-protection against CAV-1.
  • Parvovirus: A highly contagious and potentially fatal viral disease causing severe gastrointestinal distress, dehydration, and immune system suppression, especially in puppies.
  • Parainfluenza: A respiratory virus contributing to "kennel cough".

  The DHPP vaccine is usually given in a series of puppy shots, starting around 6-8 weeks of age and continuing every 3-4 weeks until the puppy is at least 16 weeks old. Booster shots are then administered, with the frequency depending on the specific vaccine and veterinary recommendations (typically every 1-3 years).

Non-core vaccinations, recommended based on the dog’s lifestyle and risk of exposure, include:

• Bordetella (Kennel Cough): Protects against Bordetella bronchiseptica, a common cause of kennel cough. Often recommended for dogs who are boarded, attend daycare, visit dog parks, or otherwise interact frequently with other dogs. It can be administered intranasally, orally, or by injection. Frequency varies, often every 6-12 months, depending on risk.

• Leptospirosis: Protects against Leptospira bacteria, which can cause kidney and liver damage and can be transmitted to humans (zoonotic). Recommended for dogs who spend time outdoors, especially in areas with standing water or wildlife. Typically given in a series of two initial doses, followed by annual boosters.

• Lyme Disease: Protects against Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, transmitted by ticks. Recommended for dogs in areas where Lyme disease is prevalent. A series of two initial vaccinations is typically required, followed by annual boosters.

• Canine Influenza (Dog Flu): Protects against canine influenza viruses (CIV), specifically H3N8 and H3N2. Recommended for dogs who are boarded, attend daycare, or interact frequently with other dogs, particularly in areas where canine influenza outbreaks have been reported. Usually given in a series of two initial doses, followed by annual boosters.

• Coronavirus: Protects against canine coronavirus, which can cause mild gastrointestinal illness. Its necessity is debated, and it is generally not recommended unless a dog is at high risk of exposure, such as in a kennel environment.

• Giardia: Some vaccines are available to help reduce shedding of Giardia cysts, potentially reducing environmental contamination. This is not a core vaccine and is not always highly effective in preventing infection.

The specific vaccinations your dog needs will depend on several factors:

• Age: Puppies require a series of vaccinations to build immunity, while adult dogs need booster shots.
• Lifestyle: Dogs who are frequently exposed to other dogs, spend time outdoors, or travel may need additional vaccinations.
• Geographic Location: The prevalence of certain diseases varies by region, influencing vaccination recommendations.
• Veterinarian’s Recommendation: Your veterinarian will assess your dog’s individual risk factors and recommend a vaccination schedule tailored to their needs.

It is crucial to consult with your veterinarian to determine the appropriate vaccination schedule for your dog. They can assess your dog’s individual risk factors and provide the most up-to-date recommendations based on local disease prevalence and current veterinary guidelines. They will also consider your dog’s overall health and any pre-existing conditions when making recommendations.