Is makeup permissible in Islam, taking into consideration different interpretations of Islamic texts and varying cultural contexts? Specifically, how do different schools of thought (e.g., Hanafi, Shafi’i, Maliki, Hanbali) view the use of makeup? What constitutes “makeup” in this context – are we talking about simple kohl, or a full face of foundation, contour, and eyeshadow? Are there different rules for wearing makeup inside the home versus outside in public? Does the intention behind wearing makeup (e.g., attracting attention vs. simply maintaining hygiene and a presentable appearance) play a role in its permissibility? And finally, how do contemporary Muslim women navigate this issue in societies with varying levels of religious conservatism?

Answer

The permissibility of makeup in Islam is a complex issue with varying interpretations among scholars. There is no single, universally agreed-upon answer, as opinions differ based on interpretations of the Quran and Hadith (sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad).

Arguments for Permissibility (with conditions):

• Beautification is inherent: Some scholars argue that Islam doesn’t prohibit beautification in itself. The Quran mentions adornment ("zeenah") and encourages Muslims to be presentable. Makeup can be seen as a permissible means of enhancing natural beauty, similar to wearing clean clothes or using perfume.
• Intention is key: The intention behind wearing makeup is crucial. If the intention is to please one’s husband, maintain personal hygiene, and feel confident, it is more likely to be considered permissible.
• Avoidance of deception: Makeup should not be used to deceive or drastically alter one’s appearance, such as creating a false impression of youth or covering up flaws to mislead others in marriage proposals.
• Natural and Halal ingredients: Makeup should ideally be made of natural and halal (permissible) ingredients. It should not contain haram (forbidden) substances, such as ingredients derived from pigs or alcohol.
• Wudu compatibility: Makeup should not prevent water from reaching the skin during wudu (ablution), which is a requirement for prayer. If makeup forms a barrier, it needs to be removed before performing wudu. Water-permeable makeup is available, and its permissibility is generally accepted.
• Modesty and Privacy: Makeup should primarily be worn within the marital home for the husband or in private gatherings of women. Public display of excessive makeup that attracts undue attention and potentially leads to fitna (temptation or discord) may be discouraged.

Arguments Against or with Restrictions:

• Altering Allah’s Creation: Some scholars argue that excessive makeup constitutes an alteration of Allah’s creation, which is generally discouraged. They may cite Hadith that condemn women who pluck their eyebrows or file their teeth to enhance their appearance. The interpretation of these Hadith varies, with some scholars seeing them as applicable only when the intention is to deceive or alter one’s natural appearance drastically.
• Extravagance and Wastefulness: Excessive spending on makeup is considered wasteful (israf), which is discouraged in Islam. Simplicity and moderation are valued.
• Drawing Attention (Tabarruj): Public display of excessive makeup that attracts undue attention from men is often discouraged. The Quran emphasizes modesty (haya) for both men and women. Excessive makeup may be seen as contradictory to the principles of modesty. The concept of "tabarruj" refers to a way of dressing and behaving that intentionally draws attention and is often associated with pre-Islamic practices.
• Imitation of Non-Muslims: If a particular style of makeup is specifically associated with non-Muslim cultures and considered inappropriate within an Islamic context, imitating it may be discouraged.

Specific Considerations:

• Eyebrow Plucking: Plucking eyebrows to reshape them is a particularly debated topic. Some scholars consider it haram based on specific Hadith, while others permit it if it’s done to remove stray hairs or maintain a natural shape without drastically altering the appearance.
• Tattoos and Permanent Makeup: Tattoos are generally considered haram because they involve altering Allah’s creation and often involve the use of impure substances. Permanent makeup, such as microblading, falls under a similar ruling for some scholars.
• Nail Polish: Traditional nail polish forms a barrier that prevents water from reaching the nails during wudu. Therefore, many scholars advise against wearing it during prayer times unless it’s removed before wudu. Breathable or water-permeable nail polish has emerged as an alternative, and opinions on its permissibility are generally more lenient.
• Perfume: The use of perfume is generally permissible for women, but its use in public is often discouraged if it is strong and likely to attract the attention of men.

Conclusion:

The permissibility of makeup in Islam is a nuanced issue. While beautification is not inherently prohibited, the use of makeup is subject to certain conditions, including the intention, ingredients, impact on wudu, avoidance of deception, and adherence to principles of modesty. Muslims should consult with knowledgeable scholars and consider their own conscience to determine what is permissible for them. Different schools of thought and individual interpretations can lead to varying conclusions on specific makeup practices.