Is loneliness officially classified as a disease by major international health organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) or the American Medical Association (AMA)? If so, what are the specific criteria used for diagnosis, and what are the potential implications of such a classification regarding healthcare access, treatment options, and societal perceptions of loneliness? If not, are there ongoing discussions or research suggesting a potential future classification as a disease, and what are the arguments for and against such a designation, considering both the individual and public health perspectives?
Answer
Loneliness is not officially classified as a disease in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). However, chronic loneliness is increasingly recognized as a significant public health concern due to its association with various adverse physical and mental health outcomes.
While not a disease in itself, chronic loneliness is considered a psychosocial risk factor that can contribute to the development or exacerbation of other conditions. Several organizations and countries are exploring ways to address loneliness as a serious health issue.
For example:
-
Increased Mortality Risk: Studies have consistently shown that chronic loneliness is associated with an increased risk of premature mortality, comparable to the risks associated with smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity.
-
Cardiovascular Disease: Loneliness is linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular problems, including heart disease and stroke.
-
Mental Health Problems: Loneliness is a risk factor for depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders. It can also exacerbate existing mental health conditions.
-
Cognitive Decline: Research suggests a link between loneliness and cognitive decline, including an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
-
Weakened Immune System: Chronic loneliness can suppress the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses.
-
Increased Healthcare Utilization: Individuals experiencing chronic loneliness tend to have higher rates of healthcare utilization, including more frequent doctor visits and hospitalizations.
-
Social Isolation: Loneliness is often associated with social isolation, which refers to a lack of social connections and interactions. While the two concepts are related, they are distinct. A person can be socially isolated without feeling lonely, and vice versa.
-
Public Health Initiatives: Recognizing the growing public health concern, several countries have launched national strategies to combat loneliness and promote social connection. For instance, the United Kingdom appointed a Minister for Loneliness and has implemented various initiatives to address social isolation.
- WHO and Loneliness: The World Health Organization (WHO) has also recognized loneliness as a pressing health issue, particularly in older adults, and has called for greater attention and resources to address the problem.
Although not a disease, the recognition of loneliness as a serious health issue is growing, leading to increased research, awareness campaigns, and interventions aimed at mitigating its negative consequences.